Shadow Omega Zero wrote:
King Boo wrote: What is emulsification and what emulsifies the fat? What produced and secreted this chemical?
List and describe all enzymes secreted by the pancreas.
List and describe the function of the chemicals secreted by the liver to aid in digestion.
List and describe the function of the enzymes secreted by the lining of the small intestine that aid in digestion.
Describe how the small intestine is specially adapted to absorb nutreints. (Relate its structure to its function.)
What are the lymph vessels called that absorb the undigested fat and fatty acids?
What is the main function of the large intestine?
What causes diarrhea?
What causes constapation?
I will help as best as I can; I may not guarantee you a proper answer, but atleast I can give you a good start.
1. Quote taken from Wiki Answers that appears to be correct.
Wiki Answers wrote: It is the mixing of fat with bile, that causes small droplets of fat to form rather than one big blob. This is useful because the enzyme secreted by the pancreas, pancreatic lipase, that breaks down fat works better on the greater surface area produced by lots of little droplets of fat.
That is what Emulsificatiion is, and what it secretes/produces.
2. Direct Quote from Gastrore Resource.
Gastrore Resource wrote: 2.2 Enzyme Secretion page 402
Four classes of enzymes are secreted by the pancreas; these are proteolytic, lipolytic, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing and nucleolytic enzymes.
Two of the proteolytic enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin, are secreted as zymogens. Both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen are activated by enterokinases that are secreted by the mucosa of the proximal intestine. Once trypsinogen is activated into trypsin, it in turn activates further zymogens. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are endopeptidases and constitute the largest component; they act by cleaving the peptide bonds of dietary protein, producing oligopeptides and amino acids. Other enzymes include carboxypeptidases A and B, and elastase.
Lipolytic enzymes are secreted in active form. Lipase is the major component. This enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides to diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acids. Lipase acts as the oil-water interface of fat droplets. Its action is thus facilitated when the fat droplets are emulsified by bile salts and fatty acids. Bile salts also form molecular aggregates, micelles, to solubilize the products of lipolysis in the aqueous duodenal juice, removing them from the oil-water interface and so enhancing lipase activity. Colipase, a small-molecular-weight cofactor, is secreted by the pancreas. It combines with lipase to prevent the latter from being inhibited and removed from the oil-water interface by bile salts. Colipase also lowers the pH optimum of lipase from 8.5 to 6.5, which is the normal pH in the proximal intestine.
Amylase hydrolyzes starch to form maltose, maltotrioses and dextrins.
The fourth class of enzymes comprises nucleolytic enzymes, which hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds that unite nucleotides in nucleic acid.
Explains the pancreatic secretions and enzymes it secretes.
3. The answer I found is this link here.
4. The answer I found is in this link here.
5. The answer I found is in this link here.
6. The answer I found is somewhere in the slideshow in this link here.
7. The definition of Large Intestine is here. It should tell about the function somewhere in the link.
8. Quote from the NDDIC
NDDIC wrote: Acute diarrhea is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
A few of the more common causes of diarrhea include the following:
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Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
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Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis.
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Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk.
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Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.
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Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea.
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Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea.
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Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
9. Quote from NDDIC
NDDIC wrote: To understand constipation, it helps to know how the colon, or large intestine, works. As food moves through the colon, the colon absorbs water from the food while it forms waste products, or stool. Muscle contractions in the colon then push the stool toward the rectum. By the time stool reaches the rectum it is solid, because most of the water has been absorbed.
Constipation occurs when the colon absorbs too much water or if the colon’s muscle contractions are slow or sluggish, causing the stool to move through the colon too slowly. As a result, stools can become hard and dry. Common causes of constipation are
* not enough fiber in the diet
* lack of physical activity (especially in the elderly)
* medications
* milk
* irritable bowel syndrome
* changes in life or routine such as pregnancy, aging, and travel
* abuse of laxatives
* ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement
* dehydration
* specific diseases or conditions, such as stroke (most common)
* problems with the colon and rectum
* problems with intestinal function (chronic idiopathic constipation)
I hope this has, and possibly will, help you. I don’t have the book you have, so I can’t search through and look for the answers for yas. Sorry =(
But atleast I tried. So this should atleast help you, if not finish your homework up. Good Luck! =)
Thank you!
